Please post your question, quote, and fact here. Also, respond to at least two of your peers' posts and answer my questions.
Questions:
1.) What are the steps in quantitative data collection?
2.) What are some of the different approaches used to sample participants in a quantitative study?
3.) Describe the process of obtaining permissions to do your research. Also, why is it important to obtain permissions?
4.) What are different types of data collection options for quantitative studies?
5.) Identify how to locate, select, and assess an instrument for use in data collection?
6.) Describe the procedures for administering quantitative data collection.
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Question: Why is it important to obtain permission for a study when the study could benefit education?
ReplyDeleteQuote: "By obtaining permissions and clearly communicating the purpose of the study before you collect data, you can lessen the reservations some individuals may have about your presence in their educational setting."
Fact: Calculations for the Kuder-Richardson split half, Spearman-Brown prophecy formula, and coefficient alpha are available in Thorndike.
1. The steps are to decide on what participants you will study, obtain their permission to be studied, identify the types of measures that will answer your research question, locate instruments to use, then begin collecting data.
ReplyDelete2. Researchers employ either probability (forms are simple random, stratified, or multistage cluster) or nonprobablity (forms are convenience or snowball) sampling approaches.
3. The best way to seek permission from the necessary individuals or groups is to ask for it formally in a letter and why is in my quote.
ReplyDelete4. There are 4 major types: performance and attitudinal measures, behavioral observations and factual information.
5. There are three options: you can develop one yourself, locate one and modify it, or locate one and use it in its entirety.
6. Your procedures need to be standard so that there is a uniform procedure for data collection. Written procedures help keep you on track. The data-collection process needs to be conducted in a way that is ethical to individuals and to research sites.
Helen,
ReplyDeleteI wonder the same question. I feel HORRIBLY about the men in the syphilis study and understand that they needed to be told what they were embarking on and that they could get out at any time, but why do we need permission say if it were a qualitative study and the information given was anonymous?
Helen and Rebecca,
ReplyDeleteThe reason is because all research subjects have rights now, and because of the studies like the one in Tuskegee, they have to know and approve it or disapprove it. Without it, we violate their rights. That is a big deal! Some studies (if they will not be presented or published) do not have to go through the IRB though. Your study for your Capstone Project will because it will be presented and hopefully published! Does that make sense?
Keep up the good work!
MY QUESTION:
ReplyDeleteThese instruments that we are talking about are they not something that you can just find and use easily? In the reading it is sounding like there is only one of every kind and you have to call the “inventor” of the one that you want and gain their permission to use theirs or tweak it to fit your study. I’m not really sure what these things are, but are they really that rare? (Page 168)
QUOTE:
“Consider how the research questions or hypotheses will be answered when deciding on what data type(s) to use. Then identify your variables, operationally define then, and select measures that fit the operational definitions.” (Page 180)
INTERESTING FACT:
If your procedure for collecting data isn’t standardized biases will sneak into your research. (Paraphrased from Page 178)
Nice question from Rebecca. The textbook says that to search for an instrument, look in published journal articles, run an ERIC search, or examine guides to tests and instruments that are available. This seems like a better method than creating your own, though.
ReplyDelete1.) What are the steps in quantitative data collection?
ReplyDeleteA:
1. Selecting the participants
2. Obtaining permission form the participants to be involve in the study.
3. Deciding what type of data to collect.
4. Locating, modifying, or developing instrument that provide the measures.
5. Involving accually collecting data.
2.) What are some of the different approaches used to sample participants in a quantitative study?
A:
Random sampling is the way that the resaerchers picks the samples for the study randomly from the general population.
Systemetic sampling is the way to choose the sample from every nth individual or site in the general population until the researcher rearches the desired sample size.
Stratified sampling is the way that teh resaercher will divide the population in to groups and use ramdom sampling process to pick the participants from subgroup.
Multistage cluster sampling is the way that resaercher will choose the participants in two or more stages because either the researcher cannot easily identify the population or the population is extreamly large.
Nonprobability sampling is the way that the researcher will select the individuals because they are available, convinient, and represent some charateristic in the study.
Convenience sampling is the way that the researcher will select the participants becaus ethey are willing or available for the study.
Snowball Sampling is the way that the researcher will ask the participants to identify others to become member of the sample.
3.) Describe the process of obtaining permissions to do your research. Also, why is it important to obtain permissions?
A:
1. Obtain different types of permission. You need to obtain permissions from several individuals and groups before you can gather data. It is important because it is an ethic issue.
2. Obtain informed consent. It is important to protact private and confidentiablity of individuals who participant in the study.
3. Review board approval. This is important to make sure that the study will minimize an effect to the participants. It is teh federal law. You have to find out what the review process used by the institutional review board on your campus. Then You have to determine what information the review board needs about yout project. Finally, you must inform consent form for participants to sign before they participante in the study.
4.) What are different types of data collection options for quantitative studies?
ReplyDeleteA:
1. A tool for measuring, such as ruler, nanometter, standard testings, etc.
2. Observation, such as behaviors, actions, and etc.
3. documenting, such as quote from participants which use for qualitaive research.
5.) Identify how to locate, select, and assess an instrument for use in data collection?
A:You can develop your own instrument to measure your study or use the existing instruments. You can search instruments information from other researches, Run ERIC search, and examine guide to test and instruments that available in conmercialy.
6.) Describe the procedures for administering quantitative data collection.
A:
1. Standardization. The collecting dat performs on instruments that be used in the study. Some instruments may need training how to use it and read the results. If collecting data from the places, researchers need to get the permission to access the information. and organize the data.
2. Ethical issues. Researchers should respect participants and sites by obtaining permissions before starting the study.
Quote, "Instead of developing your own instrument, I would encourage you to locate or modify an existing instrument." I agree with him because we can learn from other and it is an easy way to develop our own instrument.
ReplyDeleteFact is reliability and validation of instruments is very important for the study. They affect the result of our study and how value of our data that we collect.
ReplyDeleteQuestion:
As we know that quantitative resaerch is unbias. However, do you think there is somehow make the researcher can be bias?
Helen and Grill are very amazing. You are very active and encourage me to work more hard. I learn a lot from your experiences.
ReplyDeleteRebecca,
ReplyDeleteGood question here! You have to ask permission if you are going to use the same instrument they created for the research--like a survey, test, etc. If you are going to use the same thing they did for your data. The best example I can think of here is a survey. If you are using the same exact survey (and not creating your own), you should ask for permission and let the person know you are using his or her survey. Does that make sense? Keep up the good work!
Prueksa,
ReplyDeleteGreat question here!
All research is biased! Do not think quantitative research is better or unbiased! The goal is to try to be as objective as possible with quantitative research, but it is still biased. If you read Rosenberg's books about the philosophy of science and the philosophy of social science, he reveals the weaknesses of both types of research! That might interest you!
Keep up the excellent work class! I like your questions and work here in the blog! You are thinking critically about research and assessment!
I think that Prueksa's fact about reliability and validation are super important and it is wise to have another set of eyes to double check your work for ethical reasons.
ReplyDeleteRebecca posted:
ReplyDeleteChapter 6 Questions:
1.) What are the steps in quantitative data collection?
A) The first step in collecting data is to identify the people that you are going to be doing your study with. You need to chose wither you will study individuals or organizations? They types and how many you will need for your research. All of this will require you to identify your unit of analysis: find out who can supply the information you will use to answer your quantitative research questions or hypotheses; and the procedure for selecting these individuals and assessing the numbers of people needed for your data analysis. (Page 151)
2.) What are some of the different approaches used to sample participants in a quantitative study?
ReplyDeleteA) Some of the different sampling methods are: Probability Sampling where the researcher selects individuals from the population that are representative of that population. Examples of this method are: simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, multistage cluster sampling. There are also, nonprobility sampling, where the researcher chooses people because they are available and convenient and they possess some characteristics that the investigator is seeking for the study. Some of these methods are: convenience sampling, and snowball sampling. (Page 152-155)
Rebecca posted the one above and this one too:
ReplyDelete3.) Describe the process of obtaining permissions to do your research. Also, why is it important to obtain permissions?
A) It is important to obtain permission to do your study and for you participants to insure that they are aware of any risks, for them to maintain autonomy, and to make sure that your study is just and for a good cause. The process of obtaining permission to do research is research about your campus’s review boards and the people in charge; determine what information about you study the board will need from you; develop an informal consent for participants (a statement that participants will sign before they participate in research); submit a description of your proposed study to the institutional review board. (Page 157-159)
Rebecca posted:
ReplyDelete4.) What are different types of data collection options for quantitative studies?
A)Some different types of data collection options for quantitative studies are: tests that measure performance (such as: norm-reference tests, criterion-reference tests, intelligence tests, aptitude tests, interest inventory, and personality tests) or there are tests that measure attitudinal tests used when researchers what to measure feelings about something. For these you would use an affective scale. There are also Behavioral Observations, to collect data on a specific behavioral; then you would use a behavioral checklist. The last type of data collection is Factual information or personal documents and public records. You could also use Web-based Electronic Data Collection using websites and the Internet to collect quantitative data. (Page 161-165)
Rebecca posted:
ReplyDelete5.) Identify how to locate, select, and assess an instrument for use in data collection?
A) When locating an instrument you can do three things: look at already published journals and see if the author mentioned the instrument that he use, or your could type instrument into the ERIC database and search for instruments that way, or the their way would be to go to websites and look at instruments that are available commercially. Once you’ve located instruments you then need to select the right one for you and assess the instrument for your data collection. There are a few things that you need to look at: is it the most recent version, have other authors used this instrument and say it’s a good one, are their reviews available on this instrument, is the instrument valid and reliable, does the procedure for recording data fit the research question in your study, and lastly does it contain acceptable scales of measurement. To find the appropriate instrument for your study you will need to ask your self those questions. (Page 168-169)
Rebecca posted:
ReplyDelete6.) Describe the procedures for administering quantitative data collection.
A) When administering quantitative data you need to be sure to keep the procedures standardized so no biases get in the way or are expressed in the study. Also, to keep things consistent with everyone. It is very important to organize all of your data. After getting permission to use data you’ll need to take notes and really organized the data that you have. The more data you have the more organizing you will need to do. (Page 178)
Also, while administering quantitive data collections you need to keep Ethical Issues in mind. Remember to respect all sites and people that help you out in your study. This includes obtaining permission before you start collecting data, protecting the people that help you by keeping them anonymous and respect the people who choose not to participate, and do not share data with people outside of the project. Bear in mind that when you are on a site you need to disrupt the site as minimally as possible and have open communication with the teacher or whom ever is in charge where you go. Telling them exactly what you study is about BEFORE you start you data collection. (Page 179)
Rebecca posted:
ReplyDeleteMY QUESTION:
These instruments that we are talking about are they not something that you can just find and use easily? In the reading it is sounding like there is only one of every kind and you have to call the “inventor” of the one that you want and gain their permission to use theirs or tweak it to fit your study. I’m not really sure what these things are, but are they really that rare? (Page 168)
QUOTE:
“Consider how the research questions or hypotheses will be answered when deciding on what data type(s) to use. Then identify your variables, operationally define then, and select measures that fit the operational definitions.” (Page 180)
INTERESTING FACT:
If your procedure for collecting data isn’t standardized biases will sneak into your research. (Paraphrased from Page 178)
1. First, identify the people and places you plan to study. Second, obtain permission from the participants. Third, decide what type of data to collect. Fourth, locate, modify, or develop instruments that provide these measures. Fifth, collect the data.
ReplyDelete2. The two sampling approaches are probabilistic and nonprobabilistic. Sample random, systematic, stratified and multistage cluster are probabilistic. Convenience and snowball are nonprobabilistic.
3. The best way to seek permission is to ask for it formally in a letter. Include the purpose of the study, the amount of time you will spend at the site collecting data, the time required by participants, and how you will use the results.
Permission insures cooperation in the study.
4. The types are performance measures, attitudinal measures, behavioral operations, and factual information.
5. To obtain an instrument, you can develop one yourself, locate one and modify it, or locate one and use it. To search for an instrument you can look in published journal articles, run an ERIC search, or examine guides to tests and instruments that are available commercially. To assess whether the instrument is good to use ask yourself: was it developed recently, is it widely used, or are there any reviews available.
6. Use standard procedures when collecting data. Written procedures, interviews and training are all important. Data collection should be ethical and should respect individuals and sites. Obtaining permission and protecting anonymity of individuals is important.
Question:
ReplyDeleteWhy would I want to modify an instrument?
Quote:
"One drawback of performance data is that it does not measure individual attitudes." p.161
Fact:
It is important to protect the privacy and confidentiality of the individuals who participate in the study. p.157
Rebecca,
ReplyDeleteYour fact is interesting, without standardization it is difficult to have ethical practice.
1.) What are the steps in quantitative data collection?
ReplyDelete1.The first step is selecting the participants for the study by specifying the population, determining how to choose participants, and then choosing a sample size.
2. The researcher obtains permission for the study. This may involve, leaders of organizations, specific sites, participants, and a campus review board.
3. The researcher decides what type of data to collect.
4. Next locate, modify, or develop instruments to collect data.
5. The last step is to collect the data in a uniform way.
2.) What are some of the different approaches used to sample participants in a quantitative study?
Either systematic, probabilistic sampling or unsystematic, no probability sampling is used to select the subgroup of the target population the researcher decides to use. There are four types of systematic sampling, simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and multistage cluster sampling. Simple random sampling is when each individual from the population has an equal chance of being chosen as a participant. Systematic sampling is when the researcher chooses every nth person for the study until it reaches the desired sample size. Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into a specific characteristic, and then use a random sampling from each group of the population. Multistage cluster sampling is when the researcher chooses a sample in two or more stages when the population is extremely large or hard to identify.
Nonprobablity sampling is when a researcher selects participants that are available, convenient and reprehensive of the characteristic of the population the researcher wishes to study. Convenience sampling is when a researcher selects participants that are available and willing to participate. Snowball sampling is when the researcher has participants of the study find other participants to become members of the study.
3.) Describe the process of obtaining permissions to do your research. Also, why is it important to obtain permissions?
Permission is often needed from several individuals or organizations before a study can take place. This usually comes from leaders of an organization and the participants involved in a written form. Permission is needed to first be able to enter and study a setting. This could include contacting the institutions, organizations, and settings involved in the research. Next, an informed consent form is needed from participants, or their parents if minors are involved. Also, approval may be needed from a institutional review board for faculty and student research.
It is important to obtain permission for a study because it protects the participants’’ rights and ensures that they understand the purpose of the study. It also ensures that they will cooperate in the study to provide data. Federal law guarantees participants that researchers ask permission of participants and provide them certain rights.
4.) What are different types of data collection options for quantitative studies?
ReplyDeleteQuantitative research data collection involves measures, observations, and documents with questions and scales. The measures could involve performance measures to test the participant’s achievements, or attitudinal measures to measure a participant’s attitude about towards a specific topic. Behavioral observations are made by observing a participants behavior and recording the score on a checklist or scoring sheet. Web-based electronic data collection is also popular to record surveys or analyzing existing data.
5.) Identify how to locate, select, and assess an instrument for use in data collection?
When looking for an instrument to use in data collection it is helpful to look in published journal articles, run an ERIC search for the term instruments, or examine commercially available guides to instruments. When assessing an instrument it is important to look at whether the scores it reports are reliable and valid. For the scores to be reliable, they need to be stable and consistent. Researchers can test instrument reliability by looking at test-restest reliability, alternate forms reliability, and interrater reliability. The validity of an instrument’s score needs to be assessed to be sure they are meaningful and draw good conclusions from the score about the study. Researchers look for three different types of validity in an instrument, content, criteria, and construct validity. It is also important to pick an instrument that fit’s the scale of measurement the researcher wishes to use, nominal, ordinal, or interval scales.
6.) Describe the procedures for administering quantitative data collection.
The two most important factors in collecting data in quantitative research is that the researcher use standard methods and ethical practices. It is important to use written standard procedures for data collection to keep data from being biased, standard procedures keep the data-collector on track. For interviewing with a procedure it is important that instructions are provided on each data form and all interviewers are consistent. This could involve a demonstration, trial run, and critique. When collecting observational data all researchers must be trained as well. Researchers will organize information from public records or databases.