Please post your question, quote, and fact here for chapter 5. Also, please respond to at least two of your peers' posts and answer my questions.
Questions:
1.) What are purpose statements, research questions, hypotheses, and objectives? How do you write these for qualitative and quantitative research?
2.) What is a variable, and what are the types of variables in quantitative research?
3.) What is a theory, and how do you test it?
4.) Describe the similarities and differences in qualitative and quantitative purpose statements and research questions.
5.) Describe the emerging design and central phenomenon in qualitative research.
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Question: Why is it important to use action verbs such as generate, discover, understand, describe, and explore instead of words conveying cause-and-effect relationships, such as affect, relate, compare, determine, cause, and influence in your research questions?
ReplyDeleteQuote: "One question often asked is if this means that you will be asking different questions of different people in your study."
Fact: Especially in qualitative interviews there are two sets of questions that you need to ask. Ask the participants about themselves as your opening question. In this way you break the ice and encourage them to answer your questions. Also, when you conclude the interview, you might ask them to suggest individuals that you might visit with to gather additional data.
1. The purpose statement is a statement that advances the overall direction or focus for the study. Research questions are questions in quantitative or qualitative research tht narrow the purpose statement to specific questions that researchers seek to answer. Hypotheses are statements in quantitative research in which the investigator makes a prediction or a conjecture about the outcome of a relationship among attributes or characteristics. Traditionally used in experiments, they serve, to narrow the purpose statement to specific predictions. A research objective is a statement of intent used in quantitative research that specifies goals that the investigator plans to achieve in a study.
ReplyDelete2. A variable is a characteristic or attribute of an individual or an organization that:
a. researchers can measure or observe
b. varies among individuals or organizations studied
The three primary types of variables are dependent, independent, and intervening. Types of independent variables are measured, control, treatment, and moderating variables.
A theory explains and predicts the probable relationship between independent and dependent variables. To test the theory, researchers write purpose statements, research questions, and hypotheses that advance the predicted relationships.
ReplyDelete4. In a purpose statement you write it in a single sentence and in a research question you pose a question. You begin the statement with key identifier words and a question begins with how, what or why. In a statement you may state that you plan to test a theory and in a question you specify the independent, dependent, and mediating or control variables. Use the words relate or compare or describe to indicate whether variables will be related, groups will be compared, or variables will be described in a statement. Also, specify the independent and dependent variables and any control or intervening variables. State the independent variable first, followed by the dependent variable. If control or mediating variables are used, state them last. And in a question use the words describe, compare, or relate to indicate the action or connection among the variables. In both a statement and a question identify the participants to be studied and the research site for the study.
5. The central phenomenon is the concept or a process explored in qualitative research. The qualitative researcher seeks to explore and understand one single phenomenon and to do so requires considering all of the multiple external forces that shape this phenomenon. An emerging process indicates that the intent or purpose of a study and the questions asked by the researcher may change during the process of inquiry based on feedback or responses from participants.
ReplyDeleteHelen,
ReplyDeleteGood question here! Language is important in your questions and in your final report for your study. For quantitative studies, you want to try and generalize the results some, and because of that, you have to be careful about your language that you use. Interview protocol is very important in qualitative studies too, and you want to really spend some time reviewing the questions you ask and the language you use. Think about the difference between using an action verb and a word like "cause." Think about that in terms of what you can prove too. Does that make a difference?
Keep up the good work!
1. Purpose statements advance the overall direction of the study. Research questions raise questions to be answered. Hypothesis make predictions about expectations. Objectives state goals to be accomplished. Purpose statements and research questions are used in quantitative and qualitative research. Hypothesis and objectives are used primarily in quantitative research only.
ReplyDelete2. A variable is a characteristic or attribute of an individual or organization that (a) researchers can measure or observe and (b)varies among individuals and organizations.
The types of variables are dependent, independent, and intervening.
3. A theory explains and predicts the probable relationship between independent and dependent variables. Theories are tested by writing purpose statements, research questions and hypothesis.
4. In quantitative research, hypothesis is used. In qualitative research only research questions are used, no hypothesis. In quantitative research, variables are measured. Qualitative researchers seek to gather information on a single concept. In quantitative research, theories are tested. In qualitative research theories are not tested. Quantitative research asked more close-ended questions, Qualitative research asks more open-ended questions. Quantitative research is more deductive and qualitative is more inductive.In quantitative research, differences are measured among groups. In qualitative research, groups are not compared, instead the researcher seeks a deep understanding of their views.
ReplyDelete1.) What are purpose statements, research questions, hypotheses, and objectives? How do you write these for qualitative and quantitative research?
ReplyDeleteA) A purpose statement is “a statement that advances the overall direction or focus for the study.” In qualitative and quantitative research you would write this “in one or more succinctly formed sentences… usually in the last sentence of the introduction.” (Page 121)
“Research questions are questions in a quantitative or qualitative research that narrow the purpose statement to specific questions that researchers seek to answer.” (Page 122)
“In quantitative research, the questions relate attributes or characteristics of individuals or organizations (variables). In qualitative research, the questions include the central concept being explored. The central concept is also called a central phenomenon.” The research questions are found at the end of the introduction of the ‘statement of the problem’. (Page 122)
“Hypotheses are statements in quantitative research in which the investigation makes a prediction or a conjecture about the outcome of a relationship among attributes or characteristics.” Hypotheses are also used to narrow the purpose statement to specific predictions. It’s not only an ‘educated guess’ but it’s based on past research and literature on the matter at hand and a good predictor of what will happen in this research. The Hypotheses is usually found immediately after the review of literature in a section titled ‘Hypotheses’. (Page 122)
“A research objective is a statement of intent used in qualitative research that specifies goals that the investigator plans to achieve in a study.” The objectives are usually divided into major and minor objectives that show up in surveys or questionnaires. The research objectives are typically found in the end of the statement of the problem section. (Page 122-123)
5.) Describe the emerging design and central phenomenon in qualitative research.
ReplyDeleteA) Emerging design in qualitative research is knowledge that the purpose of the study may change based on the feedback given by the participants. (Page 141)
Central Phenomenon is the single concept in the qualitative study that is being explored. (Page 139)
MY QUESTION:
I don’t understand the “nondirectional alternative hypotheses”… how can you have a good solid hypotheses for your study without saying how the relationship of the variable is effected? I feel like anyone could make that up, but it doesn’t seem like a good idea when doing sound research. (Page 138)
QUOTE:
Page 147, “ The primary reason for purpose statements, research hypotheses, and research questions is to signal the major direction or intent of study.”
INTERESTING FACT:
Page 146, “Are the types of questions asked during data collection… the same questions as the subquestions? Yes, the core questions you ask might be the issue subquestions in your study. You would not ask your central question because that is the overall question you seek to answer with your research.”
Man! It's happening again. I post all of my things for this chapter but on a few show up! I'm sorry guys!
ReplyDeleteHelen.
ReplyDeleteYour fact is very enlightening. That is a great idea to break the ice with your participants and to help them feel like they can really answer your questions the way that they feel is "correct".
Matt,
ReplyDeleteGood work here!
Rebecca,
ReplyDeleteTry breaking up your posts into smaller posts and see if that helps at all!
Good work!
Rebecca,
ReplyDeleteGreat question here! The nondirectional alternative hypothesis is not as popular. It is trying to predict a change or a difference. It does not state if the direction will be positive or negative or greater or less because it is just a prediction, and the researcher does not know. The researcher will figure it out through the research though. Look at the example on page 138 in your book. He uses a good example there with the athletes and tobacco use. "There is a difference between varsity athletes in high school who smoke and those who do not smoke in terms of athletic accomplishments." See they do not know if the difference will be greater or less here yet. The researcher predicts that there will be a "difference" though, which is what he/she will figure out with the research. Does that help?
Keep up the good work!
Rebecca,
ReplyDeleteYour question was a good one. It made me go back and reread to see if I understood it correctly to answer your question. Dr. Hendrix explanation clears it up too. I used to have the same problem with understand the null. Why does there always have to be a null hypothesis stated. I will say sometimes seems that in reserch a lot is redundant.
5. The emerging design process indicates that the intent or purpose of a study and the questions asked by the researcher may change during the study.The participant sets the direction, so the researcher learns the participants' views rather than imposing his or her own view on the research situation.The central phenomenon is the concept or a process explored in qualitative research. The focus is on a single concept or process rather than relating two or more ideas as in quantitative research. The qualitative researcher seeks to explore and understand one single phenomenon and must consider all external forces.
ReplyDeleteQuestion: What are some examples of variables studied in educational research?
Quote: "Not all quantitative studies employ a theory to test, but doing so represents the most rigorous form of quantitative research". p. 131
Fact: Null hypothesis make predictions that of all possible people whom researchers might study, there is no relationship between independent and dependent variables or no difference between groups of an independent variable or a dependent variable. p.137
Jessica,
I agree, research can be very redundant!
Dr. Hendrix,
ReplyDeleteThank you for helping us to understand the non directional alternative hypothesis.
Great quote! The quote that Rebecca posted is interesting. The direction or intent of the study is important and sometimes we lose sight of it in all of the numbers and text.
ReplyDeleteMatt has some excellent observations about this chapter. I like the Figure on page 132 of "Theories as Bridges Between Independent and Dependent Variables".
ReplyDelete1.) What are purpose statements, research questions, hypotheses, and objectives? How do you write these for qualitative and quantitative research?
ReplyDeleteA:
Purpose statement is a statement that advances the overall direction or focus for the study.
Research questions are questions in quantitative and qualitative researches that narrow the purpose statement to specific questions that researcher seek to anwer.
Hypotheses are statements in the researches in which the investigator makes a prediction or a conjecture about the outcome of a relationship among attributes or characteristics.
Research objectives are statements of intent used in research to specify goals that researchers plan to acheive in a study.
In quantitative or qualitative research, we can start with specify the elements and write the purpose statement in one single sentence. You can start with the phase, "The purpose of this study," to clear single signal for the reader. Then when you write the the research question, it will restate the purpose in specific questions that the research seek to answer. The research question will pose a question and can begin with, "How," "What," or "Why." Next step to write quantitative hypothese, you need to state the variables in order: independent, dependent, and control variables. You have to predict the change that you predict it will happen in the hypotheses. The last is resaerch objects will appear in the end of statement of problem after literature review or separate section of the study. You have to describe what charateristics in your research objects that you use in your study.
2.) What is a variable, and what are the types of variables in quantitative research?
A:
There are 3 important types of variables in quantitaive research.
1. Independent variables are the things that we want to study. For example, in a medicine research. Medicines are independepent variable.
2. Dependent variables are the things that we want to see or observe. For example, in a medicine research, we want to see the effects of the medicine to patients, which is the dependent variable.
3. Control variables are the things that we want to specify in the study. For example, in a medicine research, we can specify our patients' back ground (sex, age, race, and etc..) who participant in the research, which are control variable.
3.) What is a theory, and how do you test it?
A:
A theory in quantitative research explains and predicts the probable relationship between independent and dependent variables. We test the theory by doing the experiment.
4.) Describe the similarities and differences in qualitative and quantitative purpose statements and research questions.
A:
Qualitative research tents to explore a central phenomenon and engage in an emerging process of research. In the other hand, quantitative research investigates the relationship among variables by using theories.
Both qualitative and quantitative researches use purpose statement and research question to direct a study.
5.) Describe the emerging design and central phenomenon in qualitative research.
A:
An emerging design indicates the inten or purpose of the study and the questions asked by the researchers may change during the process of inquiry based on feedback or responses from participants.
Central phenomenon is the concept or a process explored in qualitative research.
Hi everyone, I am the latest person posting in the blog. I am very shame. Ok, I will start the conversation with the question about qualitative research because I don't have experience about doing the research. I wonder if in qualitative research have or not have variables? I guess, not, but I may wrong. Please help to clear my brain. Thank you very much.
ReplyDeleteTO Matt,
ReplyDeleteI am not an expert about the research. However, I can give you some variable examples.
The survey research about how many toilet for disabities in public places in St. Joseph, MO.
Independent variables are toilets for diabilities.
Dependent variable is how many toilets for disabilities in the public places.
Control variables are public place in St. JOseph, MO, "ONLY."
To Grill,
ReplyDeleteNondirectional althernative hypotheses.
From the example in the book,
"there is different between varsity athletes in high school who smooke and those who do not smoke in terms of athletic accomplishment."
I guess that smoking affects the athletes accomplishment in high school students. We don't know how much it affect. We know from the conparison that there is a difference.
Quote of the day, "The promary reason for purpose statements, research hypotheses, and research questions is to signal the major direction or intent of a study. (Creswell, 2008, p. 147)." This quote reminds me the main idea of these elements in researchs and guide me how to write them.
ReplyDeleteIf I comment wrong, please correct me. Thank you very much.
The fact that I learn from the book is theories need to be proved by testing variables. Thank you all and good night.
ReplyDeleteRebecca posted:
ReplyDeleteChapter 5 Questions:
1.) What are purpose statements, research questions, hypotheses, and objectives? How do you write these for qualitative and quantitative research?
A) A purpose statement is “a statement that advances the overall direction or focus for the study.” In qualitative and quantitative research you would write this “in one or more succinctly formed sentences… usually in the last sentence of the introduction.” (Page 121)
“Research questions are questions in a quantitative or qualitative research that narrow the purpose statement to specific questions that researchers seek to answer.” (Page 122)
“In quantitative research, the questions relate attributes or characteristics of individuals or organizations (variables). In qualitative research, the questions include the central concept being explored. The central concept is also called a central phenomenon.” The research questions are found at the end of the introduction of the ‘statement of the problem’. (Page 122)
“Hypotheses are statements in quantitative research in which the investigation makes a prediction or a conjecture about the outcome of a relationship among attributes or characteristics.” Hypotheses are also used to narrow the purpose statement to specific predictions. It’s not only an ‘educated guess’ but it’s based on past research and literature on the matter at hand and a good predictor of what will happen in this research. The Hypotheses is usually found immediately after the review of literature in a section titled ‘Hypotheses’. (Page 122)
Rebecca posted:
ReplyDeleteChapter 5 Questions:
“In quantitative research, the questions relate attributes or characteristics of individuals or organizations (variables). In qualitative research, the questions include the central concept being explored. The central concept is also called a central phenomenon.” The research questions are found at the end of the introduction of the ‘statement of the problem’. (Page 122)
“A research objective is a statement of intent used in qualitative research that specifies goals that the investigator plans to achieve in a study.” The objectives are usually divided into major and minor objectives that show up in surveys or questionnaires. The research objectives are typically found in the end of the statement of the problem section. (Page 122-123)
2.) What is a variable, and what are the types of variables in quantitative research?
A) “A variable is a characteristic or attribute of an individual or an organization that (a) researcher can measure or observe and (b) varies among individuals or organizations studied. They are key ideas that researchers seek to collect information on to address the purpose of their study.” (Page 123)
They types of variables in quantitative research are: Dependent Variables (“an attribute or characteristic that is dependent or influenced by the independent variable.”), Independent Variables (“an attribute or characteristic that influences or affects an outcome or dependent variable.), Four types of independent variables: Measured (the independent variable that is measured in a study), Controlled (the independent variable that is neutralized through procedures), Treatment (the independent variable manipulated by the researcher), and Moderating (the independent variable that combines with another independent variable to influence the dependent variable). (Page 124-125)
Rebecca posted:
ReplyDelete3.) What is a theory, and how do you test it?
A) “A theory in quantitative research explains and predicts the probable relationship between independent and dependent variables.” (Page 131) The way that you would test a theory is to “located a theory in literature, examine the predicted relationship among variables in the theory, and then rest the relationships with new participants and new sites. … The researcher would write new purpose statements, research questions, and hypotheses that advance the predicted relationships.” (Page 131)
Rebecca posted:
ReplyDelete4.) Describe the similarities and differences in qualitative and quantitative purpose statements and research questions.
A)The similarities in qualitative and quantitative purpose statements and research questions are that they both indicate the variable or central phenomenon that are in the study and the sites that the studies are taking place in. “ Both forms of research, inquirers use purposes statements and research questions. These statements become major signposts to alert readers to the major direction of the study.” (Page 139)
There are 5 differences in qualitative and quantitative purpose statements and research questions. The first is the use and non use of hypotheses. Hypotheses are statistics and qualitative researcher doesn’t use statistics, only quantitative purpose statements will have hypotheses in them. Another difference is in quantitative research variable are identified and measured. In qualitative research information is gathered about single concepts ‘central phenomenon’. The third difference is the theory of the study. In quantitative research the theory is tested, but in qualitative research the inquirer asks participants to share ideas and build common themes; not testing the theories. The fourth difference is that quantitative researchers ask closed-ended questions. Forming hypotheses and questions that do not change throughout the study. In qualitative research the questions are more open-ended they can vary depending on the answer of the participant. The last difference discussed in this chapter between qualitative and quantitative purpose statements is in quantitative research the investigator seeks to compare two groups or measure change over time, but qualitative researchers seek a deeper understanding of one groups or individual’s views. (Page 139)
Rebecca posted:
ReplyDelete5.) Describe the emerging design and central phenomenon in qualitative research.
A) Emerging design in qualitative research is knowledge that the purpose of the study may change based on the feedback given by the participants. (Page 141)
Central Phenomenon is the single concept in the qualitative study that is being explored. (Page 139)
MY QUESTION:
I don’t understand the “nondirectional alternative hypotheses”… how can you have a good solid hypotheses for your study without saying how the relationship of the variable is effected? I feel like anyone could make that up, but it doesn’t seem like a good idea when doing sound research. (Page 138)
Rebecca posted:
ReplyDeleteQUOTE:
Page 147, “ The primary reason for purpose statements, research hypotheses, and research questions is to signal the major direction or intent of study.”
INTERESTING FACT:
Page 146, “Are the types of questions asked during data collection… the same questions as the subquestions? Yes, the core questions you ask might be the issue subquestions in your study. You would not ask your central question because that is the overall question you seek to answer with your research.”
Rebecca,
ReplyDeleteFor that type of hypothesis, it is good because the research will show if the prediction is accurate or not with the data analysis in the study. For example, we could predict that teachers who have to hold their urine because they cannot leave their classes unattended will have more kidney problems than people who have jobs where they could go the restroom whenever they needed. We do not know if this will be true or not, so we might use a non-directional hypothesis to see if this is true in our study. We might have good reason to think our prediction is accurate before we do our study such as a statistic about how many teachers have kidney problems. Does that make sense now? Look back at the athlete model in your book, and Creswell says that these are NOT as popular too. It is okay not to like these. Good work here! Break up your posts into paragraph posts, and that should help with the posting problems.
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDelete1.) What are purpose statements, research questions, hypotheses, and objectives? How do you write these for qualitative and quantitative research?
ReplyDeleteThe purpose statement shows the overall direction and focus of a study typically found in the “statement of the problem” section. It is found in both quantitative and qualitative research and often stated as “The purpose of this study is…”
The research questions narrow the purpose statement to specific questions that the researcher wants to answer. Unlike the purpose statement, researchers usually have several research questions that they seek to answer. In quantitative research, the research questions are about specific attributes or characteristics of individuals or organizations, also called variables. In qualitative research, the research question is about the central phenomenon, or the central concept being explored.
The hypothesis is used in quantitative research and is when researchers make a prediction about outcomes of the relationship among attributes typically used in experiments. It also narrows the purpose statement to specific predictions based on past research and literature. The hypothesis is typically found in the beginning of a study at the end of the introduction.
The research objective is a statement of intent in quantitative research the specifies the researcher’s goals for the study often divided into major and minor objectives. The research objective is typically found at the end of the “statement of purpose” section after the literature review and are usually phrased, “The objectives in this study are…”
2.) What is a variable, and what are the types of variables in quantitative research?
A variable is a characteristic or attribute of an individual or organization that the researcher can measure and varies among the individuals or organizations studied. A variable measured in a small number of groups or categories. This type of measure is also called a discrete or nominal score. A variable measured as continuous is measured by the researcher on a point along a continuum of scores from low to high. This is also called an interval, a rating, or a scaled score.
A dependent variable is an attribute or characteristic that is influenced by the independent variable. The independent variable is the attribute or characteristic that influences the outcome of the dependent variable. The intervening variable is a variable that stands between the independent and dependent variable and influences the dependent variable apart from the independent variable.
3.) What is a theory, and how do you test it?
ReplyDeleteA theory predicts the probable relationship between independent and dependent variables. Testing a theory involves locating a theory in literature, examining the predicted relationships among the variables in the theory, and then testing it at new sites or with new participants. Researchers then write purpose statements, research questions, and hypotheses.
4.) Describe the similarities and differences in qualitative and quantitative purpose statements and research questions.
Both quantitative and qualitative research uses purpose statements to state the overall direction of the study and are used to signal the intent of the study. In quantitative research the purpose statement identifies the variables of the study, their relationship, the participants, and the site used for the study. However, qualitative research purpose statements do not seek to discover a cause and effect relationship with variables like quantitative research. The purpose statements in qualitative research seek to explore the central phenomenon with specific individuals at certain research sites.
In both quantitative and qualitative research the research questions seek to narrow and focus the purpose statement into specific questions. In quantitative research, the research questions involve participant reaction to a specific variable, compare groups on a outcome, or relate to variables. In qualitative research, the research questions are more general, open ended questions that the researcher would like answered during the study.
5.) Describe the emerging design and central phenomenon in qualitative research.
The emerging design means that the purpose of the study and the questions asked by the researcher may change as the study goes along. The feedback and responses by participants guide the study. The central phenomenon is the concept explored in qualitative research. The central phenomenon is focused on a single concept or process and the researcher looks at all of the outside forces that shape the phenomenon when exploring the central phenomenon .
Question: When using qualitative research how do you decide if you need to use issue subquestions or procedural subquestions?
ReplyDeleteQuote: “Without clear signposts, the reader will be lost throughout your study. They simply will not know the central ideas addressed in your study.” p. 123
Fact: Constructs are attributes or characteristics that cannot be measured, because they are expressed in too much of an abstract or general way.